By Jens Glüsing <[email protected]>
The massacre in Ciudad Juarez at the end of January made it clear that Mexico is losing the war on drugs. Narcotics-related violence is on the rise in other Latin American cities as well. An increasing number of voices are demanding that drugs be decriminalized.
The killers arrived in four or five SUVs. They quickly blocked off the road to Salvárcar, a working-class neighborhood of Ciudad Juarez, where 60 students were attending a birthday party.
The intruders, armed with automatic weapons, opened fire on the revelers. Sixteen people died in the hail of bullets two weekends ago. Most of them were adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19, and many were athletes, members of a local baseball team. One of them, José Adrián Encina, had only recently been named the best student in his class.
It was the bloodiest weekend of the year to date in the notorious Mexican border city: Forty-three people died a violent death. According to the government, the massacre was related to feuds within the drug trade, but the families of the victims say that most were innocent students.
Other Mexican cities have also been rocked by violence in recent days Seven bodies were found in the southwestern city of Iguala. The victims suffocated when the murderers wrapped their mouths and noses in strapping tape. In Quiroga in southwestern Mexico, the police chief and two officers were shot, while several plastic bags containing body parts were found in nearby Zitácuaro.
Seven Murders a Day
Mexico’s drug war is becoming more and more brutal. President Felipe Calderón has deployed 45,000 soldiers and federal police in the government’s fight against the drug mafia, and 5,000 of them patrol the streets of Ciudad Juarez alone.
Despite the government’s stepped-up efforts, the death toll continues to rise. Before Calderón came into office in December 2006, an average of two people a day died a violent death in the border city. By 2008, the daily death toll had risen to five, and last year the murder rate in Ciudad Juarez was up to seven people a day. Since 2007, more than 15,000 people have died in Mexico’s drug wars.
Meanwhile, the drug business is booming. In 2009, Mexico became the world’scsecond-largest marijuana producer, with poor, small farmers switching fromccorn and beans to cannabis. Frustrated government officials are convincedcthat they have already lost the drug war.
It is a defeat that affects all of Latin America, where the drug mafia iscgaining ground from Tierra del Fuego to the Rio Grande. In the former Colombian cocaine capital Medellín, which was considered “pacified” seven years ago after a bloody military campaign, the murder rate was up again last year, to more than 1,800 people. According to the government, most were victims of drug wars between what it calls “mini-cartels.” The Shining Path terrorist organization is making a comeback in neighboring Peru, now that it
has marched into the cocaine trade.
Drug Dealer Vendettas
By the end of 2008, the amount of farmland devoted to growing coca in Bolivia increased by almost 11 percent since the country’s populist President Evo Morales took office. And in Argentina, gangs of dealers carry out their vendettas in the suburbs of Buenos Aires. The gangsters are becoming increasingly bold and brutal. In Rio de Janeiro, which was chosen for the 2016 Summer Olympics, they recently shot down a police helicopter,
and criminals control more than 300 slums there.
An entire generation of young Latin Americans is dying in the killing fields of the drug war. Many are hardly more than children, and most are poor and dark-skinned. Those who survive often end up in overcrowded prisons, which the drug mafia also controls.
“They are schools of crime,” warns Rubem César Fernandes, director of the respected Brazilian aid organization Viva Rio. “The war against drugs can no longer be won with suppression.”
Latin American governments spend billions of dollars a year to battle the drug cartels. In Mexico and Colombia, the armed forces have been deployed in the drug war, and for decades the United States has provided generous military assistance to South America. Nevertheless, the economic strength of the cartels remains unbroken. They have corrupted police officers and soldiers, bought off politicians and judges and even subverted entire countries, like Guatemala, Colombia and Mexico.
Indeed, three respected former presidents have declared the Washington-supported drug war to be a failure. Former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo and former Colombian President César Gaviria now say they support the controlled decriminalization of narcotics.
Growing Number of Addicts
This form of liberalization is already being pursued across the Atlantic in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Portugal, where drug use has not increased as a result of the lax laws. In the large Latin American countries, on the other hand, the number of addicts is growing.
In Mexico, the congress repealed a law last year that had criminalized the possession of small amounts of narcotics. In Argentina, the country’s highest court has paved the way for the decriminalization of drug use. And in Brazil, where the possession of narcotics for personal use is permitted, Viva Rio and former President Henrique Cardoso have fashioned a cross-party alliance to support proposed legislation that would define permitted amounts of narcotics.
As it stands now, it is up to the police to decide whether someone they have arrested is a user or a drug dealer. “Light-skinned, middle-class Brazilians are released in return for bribes, while blacks from the Favelas are treated as dealers and end up in prison,” says university Professor Jorge da Silva, a former captain in the military police and a former minister of security for the federal state of Rio de Janeiro.
Da Silva’s former jobs involved fighting drug gangsters in the slums of Rio.